diff --git a/t5x/export_lib.py b/t5x/export_lib.py
index bb4d2720e..8a989f32a 100644
--- a/t5x/export_lib.py
+++ b/t5x/export_lib.py
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 import json
 import os
 import os.path
+import random
+import string
 import typing
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
 
@@ -1075,7 +1077,7 @@ def create_postprocessor(
   if inference_mode == 'predict':
 
     def postprocessor(
-        values: Tuple[Any, Any]
+        values: Tuple[Any, Any],
     ) -> Union[Tuple[Any, Any], Mapping[str, Any]]:
       tokens, scores = values
       if decode_outputs:
@@ -1175,22 +1177,96 @@ def _request_to_prediction_log(
 
 
 def generate_examples_with_sequence_lengths(
-    sequence_lengths: list[int], single_token_example: WarmupExample = 'Q'
+    sequence_lengths: list[int],
+    single_token_example: WarmupExample | None = None,
+    vocabulary: seqio.Vocabulary | None = None,
+    character_set: str | Sequence[str] = string.ascii_letters + string.digits,
+    leave_room_for_eos: bool = False,
+    chars_per_token_upper_bound: int = 10,
 ) -> list[WarmupExamples]:
-  """Creates synthetic sequences of specified sizes by repeating a single token.
+  """Creates synthetic sequences that have the requested number of tokens.
+
+  The examples will be computed by one of the following methods:
+  - If `single_token_example` is set: repeat a single token that is known to
+  be always `N` tokens long when repeated `N` times.
+  - If `vocabulary` is set: generate a random string that is `N` tokens long, as
+  measured by `vocabulary`.
 
   Args:
     sequence_lengths: The sequence lengths to generate examples for.
     single_token_example: An example such that `N*ex` is always `N` tokens long.
       This is used to build sequences of a specified size. Defaults to `'Q'`,
-      which satisfies this property for the tokenizer used by pretrained T5X
-      models.
+      which satisfies this property for the tokenizer used by pretrained English
+      T5X models. **NOTE**: This is brittle to variations in the tokenizer, so
+      prefer using `vocabulary` instead.
+    vocabulary: The seqio.Vocabulary used by the model.
+    character_set: The set of characters to use when generating random strings.
+      Defaults to letters and digits.
+    leave_room_for_eos: Whether the model will add EOS after the example. If
+      true, the generated examples will be one token shorter than the requested
+      length.
+    chars_per_token_upper_bound: The upper bound for the amount of characters
+      contained in a single token for this vocabulary. This determines how large
+      of a random string to start with when trying to generate a specific number
+      of tokens.
 
   Returns:
     A list of WarmupExamples batches with lengths in tokens equal to
     `sequence_lengths`.
   """
-  return [[single_token_example * l] for l in sequence_lengths]
+  if leave_room_for_eos:
+    sequence_lengths = [l - 1 for l in sequence_lengths]
+  if single_token_example and vocabulary:
+    raise ValueError(
+        'Only one of `single_token_example` and `vocabulary` can be set.'
+    )
+  elif vocabulary:
+    # Generate a random string that is exactly `N` tokens long, as measured by
+    # the provided tokenizer.
+    # TODO: b/331419045 - Add support for models with pretokenized inputs
+    # (dtype=tf.int32).
+    def _generate_example(num_tokens: int) -> WarmupExamples:
+      if num_tokens == 0:
+        return ['']
+      random_string = ''.join(
+          random.choice(character_set)
+          for _ in range(num_tokens * chars_per_token_upper_bound)
+      )
+      all_ids = vocabulary.encode(random_string)
+      if len(all_ids) < num_tokens:
+        # Even if chars_per_token_upper_bound is set high enough, this can
+        # happen with unknown tokens. See b/294826076#comment4 (encoding Chinese
+        # characters with an English tokenizer).
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Generated a random warmup example that is shorter than'
+            f' {num_tokens} tokens. Make sure the characters in character_set'
+            ' are valid in the vocabulary, or increase'
+            ' chars_per_token_upper_bound.'
+        )
+      for start_index in range(len(all_ids) - num_tokens):
+        # Truncating may return an empty string for some IDs, for example
+        # vocabulary.decode([3]), so search for an ID subarray whose
+        # resulting string actually has the correct length.
+        truncated_ids = all_ids[start_index : start_index + num_tokens]
+        example = vocabulary.decode(truncated_ids)
+        generated_num_tokens = len(vocabulary.encode(example))
+        if generated_num_tokens == num_tokens:
+          return [example]
+      raise ValueError(
+          f'Could not generate a valid string with {num_tokens} tokens. This'
+          ' may happen if the characters in character_set do not represent the'
+          ' vocabulary, or if chars_per_token_upper_bound is too small.'
+      )
+
+    return [_generate_example(length) for length in sequence_lengths]
+  else:
+    single_token_example = single_token_example or 'Q'
+    logging.warning(
+        'Using single_token_example to generate warmup examples is brittle to'
+        ' variations in the tokenizer. Prefer explicitly passing a vocabulary'
+        ' instead.'
+    )
+    return [[single_token_example * l] for l in sequence_lengths]
 
 
 def write_warmup_examples(
@@ -1240,10 +1316,11 @@ def write_warmup_examples(
     input_tensor_dtype: The dtype of the input tensor.
   """
   if generate_examples_fn:
-    logging.warning(
-        'Ignoring provided warmup batch. Using `generate_examples_fn` to'
-        ' generate warmup examples instead.'
-    )
+    if text_batch:
+      logging.warning(
+          'Ignoring provided warmup batch. Using `generate_examples_fn` to'
+          ' generate warmup examples instead.'
+      )
     warmup_examples = generate_examples_fn()
   else:
     warmup_examples = [text_batch]